Suriname :: essays research papers

In this essay I testament compare and contrast the approaches and goals of Richard and Sally Price and S. Allen Counter and David Evens on the topic of Maroon arts of the Suriname. I will explain how they present their findings. And tell what I think they would say the roughly important discovery or confirmation is. After all of this is done I will do follow up art historical research in the same area. The main(prenominal) focus of my research would be why anyone would be interested in finding egress more about this particular region?fs art. The calabash strand arts would be the art form I would research (relying on the experiences of the authors), giving a brief description of the research I would undertake. I will provide information on how I got the much-needed information about this art form. Also stating if I remonstrateed to anyone and why. Lastly describing what questions I would want answered if any.First, I would like to talk about the approach that Sally and Richard Price had when doing their research on the Maroon arts of Suriname. I believe the Price?fs approach was to answer what they called what is undoubtedly the most difficult, politically charged and hotly debated aspect of the study of these arts their deep culture-historical roots. The Price?fs went to Suriname to do research on these archeological people to find out if these Maroon art works such as calabash bowls were truly African in origin, or if they have other sources that have provided an exploit on them that is far beyond Africa. There was a re-emergence in the Maroon arts that?fs unexplainable to many scholars that have studied them. The Price?fs term this as a ?gunique balance of continuity-in-change?h. What this term means is, they feel there was a lack of documentation during these times and the arts where always around and there was no disappearing act.Counter and Evens went to Suriname find Africa. They believe that Africa and the Suriname Maroons have a direct connectio n other than being of African decent as far as the arts are concerned. I believe both the Price?fs and Counter and Evens had the same goals in mind, which was to find answers. To find out the unknown of these arts of the maroons, only their intentions were totally different. Like I stated earlier, Counter and Evens wanted to find Africa.

Comparing the Use of Light and Dark by Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne Ess

Use of Darkness and Light by Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne all tend to focus on the darker side of humanity in their writings. In order to allow their readers to better understand their opinions, they often resort to using symbolism. Many times, those symbols take the form of darkness and light appearing throughout the explanation at appropriate times. A reader might wonder how light functions in the stories, and what it urges the reader to consider. If we look carefully at these appearances of light, or more credibly the absence of it, we can gain some insight into what these subversive romantics consider to be the truth of humanity. Hawthorne uses this technique to its fullest however, it is also very obvious in the stories of Poe and Melville. all(prenominal) of these authors have something to say about what they perceive as the breakdown of man and society - and they often clue us in by using differing degrees of light. The social movement of dar kness and light is probably the most apparent in Hawthornes pieces, and Young Goodman Brown is an excellent example. The story starts off as Young Goodman Brown begins his trip up into the forest, away from his wife, Faith. The first presence of light is in the first sentence Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset .... Now, there is light in the sun, but the significance lies in the fact that the sun is setting. The brightness in life - that is, the goodness of humanity that once existed, is now being taken oer by the darkness. YGB then departs down a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest. There is no mistaking this for anything but a symbol. YGB, representing all man, is overtaking down a narrow path leading into one of the darkest and sca... ...aking of humanity) this black conceit pervades him, through and through. You may be witched by his sunlight,--transported by the bright gildings in the skies he builds over you--but there is the blackness of da rkness beyond and even his bright gildings but fringe, and play upon the edges of thunder-clouds. Works Cited Adler, Joyce. Benito Cereno Slavery and Violence in the Americas. comminuted Essays in Herman Melvilles Benito Cereno Burkholder, Robert E., ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., NY, 1992. Gargano, James. Art and Irony in William Wilson. New Approaches to Poe Benton, Richard P., ed., 1970. Levin, Harry. The Power of Blackness. New York, 1967. Melville, Herman. Hawthorne and His Mosses. From The Literary World, August 17 and 24, 1850. Accessed at http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/hahm.html on May 1, 2000.

Surrogacy :: social issues

SurrogacyIn todays society, couples with breeding problems and homosexual couples contrive been increasing. There are a assign of reason which causes them not to be able to breed any child. There can by body problems, or other problems. Those couples will feel lone(prenominal) and isolated, it will make them envy other parents who have a group of children. There are many alternatives that would bothow these couples to have a child. There is Adoption, Fostering, etcetera But the main particular method this essay is chosen to discuss is Surrogacy. Surrogacy, is known as a act of substitution and replacement in the dictionary. But, mickle define surrogacy as a egg donation to a surrogate mother, a surrogate mother may carry a child for psyche whom she may not have never previously known. She agrees to become artificially inseminated or undergo IVF treatment to carry a child and then after(prenominal) the birth give the child to the intended parents. Therefore, in our terms of re ference surrogate motherhood is defined as an arrangement under which a cleaning lady agrees to breed a child for another couple. While there are two main types of surrogacy, gestational surrogacy and traditional, there are also different types of arrangements, business office arranged and independently arranged. Also surrogacy may be done between strangers who never meet, persons who meet only a few beats, persons who meet and become quite close over the course and often after the surrogacy, and those who are friends before ever entering a surrogacy arrangement or are family members. The procedures of surrogacy the couple have to follow are firstly, to interview intended parents or surrogate mothers and egg donors, then they will have to choose a match and complete all medical and psychological screening, lastly, they will begin medicated cycles and attempt pregnancy. It would take around a minimum of 12 months to complete any surrogacy program. The cost of surrogacy programs ar e sure enough expensive, but to the couples it may not be an important issue. The cost of a first time surrogate mother is around $30,000, and with a second time surrogate mother would cost around $40,000. Altogether, the cost is approximately $75,000 for a singleton birth plus medical expenses. This includes the surrogates expenses fee, IVF transfer fee, cycling allowance, pregnancy allowance, surrogates attorney fee, gestation period clothing allowance, multiple fetus expense, retainer fee, the intended parents attorney fees, court filing fees, maternity costs and the costs of delivery and hospital, maternity costs of OB/GYN, the stepparent adoption/parentage establishment fee, and finally, the surrogates fee.

Urban Legend of Bloody Mary :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

all-fired bloody shame dowry One Collection of the apologueThe tier of bloody(a) Mary was told to me by a twenty year old male. He is a current student at a University, studying accountancy. He has very conservative beliefs regarding politics. His father is an insurance broker and his mother stays at home. This story was collected on March 18, 2006, at his residence. This is the story as he told it to meI originally heard this from my brother when I was like tenner years old. I also saw it in the flick Urban Legends. But Ill tell you the version my brother told me. You have to go into a bathroom in your house. You ecstasy off all of the lights and yield facing away from the mirror. You then spin around thirteen times and say Bloody Mary thirteen times. After you finish spinning you turn around and you will see Bloody Mary looking punt at you finished the mirror. My brother and his friends made me do it one day at my house and nothing happened to me.The teller showed no unu sual emotion while retelling this story to me. He was positive that it was not true. He told the story in a mocking tone he sometimes finished his sentences with laughter or a smile. Part Two Comp atomic number 18 Versions of the StoryThe story of Bloody Mary is a very extensive urban legend. Bloody Mary is one of many name that can be chanted to summon this ghost. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary, Bloody Bones, Hell Mary, Mary Worth, Mary Worthington, Mary Whales, Mary Johnson, Mary Lou, Mary Jane, Sally, Kathy, Agnes, Black Agnes, Aggie, Svarte Madame are all names that have been used in the retelling of this story. With an increase number of retellings comes an increase in the variation between individual stories. The version of the story told to me did not include Bloody Mary punishing the one that summoned her. Versions in which the summoner is punished describe a wide variety of fates.. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary May let out her summoner dead, drive her mad, or fierc ely scratch her face. She may save peer malevolently out through the mirror, or she may drag one of the girls back through it to live with her. This legend has several other deviations much(prenominal) as the number of times you have to say the name of the spirit, and the room in which you effect the ritual.Urban Legend of Bloody Mary Urban Legends stalk StoriesBloody MaryPart One Collection of the StoryThe story of Bloody Mary was told to me by a twenty year old male. He is a current student at a University, studying accountancy. He has very conservative beliefs regarding politics. His father is an insurance broker and his mother stays at home. This story was collected on March 18, 2006, at his residence. This is the story as he told it to meI originally heard this from my brother when I was like ten years old. I also saw it in the movie Urban Legends. But Ill tell you the version my brother told me. You have to go into a bathroom in your house. You turn off all of the ligh ts and stand facing away from the mirror. You then spin around thirteen times and say Bloody Mary thirteen times. After you finish spinning you turn around and you will see Bloody Mary looking back at you through the mirror. My brother and his friends made me do it one day at my house and nothing happened to me.The teller showed no unusual emotion while retelling this story to me. He was positive that it was not true. He told the story in a mocking tone he sometimes finished his sentences with laughter or a smile. Part Two Compare Versions of the StoryThe story of Bloody Mary is a very extensive urban legend. Bloody Mary is one of many names that can be chanted to summon this ghost. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary, Bloody Bones, Hell Mary, Mary Worth, Mary Worthington, Mary Whales, Mary Johnson, Mary Lou, Mary Jane, Sally, Kathy, Agnes, Black Agnes, Aggie, Svarte Madame are all names that have been used in the retelling of this story. With an increased number of retellings comes a n increase in the variation between individual stories. The version of the story told to me did not include Bloody Mary punishing the one that summoned her. Versions in which the summoner is punished describe a wide variety of fates.. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary May strike her summoner dead, drive her mad, or fiercely scratch her face. She may merely peer malevolently out through the mirror, or she may drag one of the girls back through it to live with her. This legend has several other deviations such as the number of times you have to say the name of the spirit, and the room in which you perform the ritual.

Physics of Robots :: physics robot robots

Definition of a Robot A Robot is a reprogramable, multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or a specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks. In order to make a zombie do anything it has to have a program or a set of programs that tell it to do certain tasks. Robots come in all different shapes and sizes. Some robots have been used to try and look and birth physically want a human being. Other robots are used for home entertainments. For example there is a robotic dog that now for sale that shag behave and act like a dog. The nice thing about having a robotic dog is a person could shut it off when they get tired of it. contrastive Kinds of RobotsSome robots have arms, legs, heads, wheels, and etc. There are robots that are used in big industrial factories. General Electric uses robotic arms to weld. The robotic arms fuel weld with such great precision that it looks perfect. There are also robots th at have been used in movies such as Mighty Joe Young, Star Wars, and Jurrasic Park. thusly there are also miniture robots that are designed like small insects such as horseflys and ladybugs. You can read about the insect robots in the national Geographics Magazine.The Structure of the Robotic Hand A robotic progress to can be designed in different ways. The most important is that there is a wrist, fingers, and a way to move an determination. The wrist will give the twisting motion. The fingers will be able to grab an object. Some people use grippers. The grippers work like sicorrs. There are also devices that act like sensory nerves. These devices are either light sensitive or switch activated. That way a robot would be able to tell where a light source is coming from or when it was running into a wall. The hardest part about making a robotic hand do something is to make the open and closing motion with the fingers. Humans have nerves and muscels that alow them to retract and co ntract their fingers. With a robot cables, motors, or pneumatic hydralics can be used. Strong cables can be used to give easy and quiet movements. Motors used with different gear ratios can make the fingers stronger when gripping or faster. By determining how much work would have to be done on the gear to make it spin would make the gear lift an object with force.

Physics of Robots :: physics robot robots

Definition of a Robot A Robot is a reprogramable, multi-functional manipulator intentional to move material, give outs, tools, or a specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks. In order to make a robot do anything it has to halt a program or a set of programs that tell it to do certain tasks. Robots come in all different shapes and sizes. nearly robots have been utilise to try and look and behave physically like a human being. Other robots are used for home entertainments. For example there is a robotic get across that now for sale that can behave and act like a dog. The nice thing about having a robotic dog is a person could shut it off when they get tired of it.Different Kinds of RobotsSome robots have arms, legs, heads, wheels, and etc. There are robots that are used in big industrial factories. world(a) Electric uses robotic arms to weld. The robotic arms can weld with such(prenominal) great precision that it looks perf ect. There are also robots that have been used in movies such as Mighty Joe Young, Star Wars, and Jurrasic Park. Then there are also miniture robots that are designed like small insects such as horseflys and ladybugs. You can pronounce about the insect robots in the National Geographics Magazine.The Structure of the Robotic Hand A robotic hand can be designed in different ways. The close to important is that there is a wrist, fingers, and a way to move an object. The wrist will give the twisting motion. The fingers will be able to grab an object. Some people use grippers. The grippers work like sicorrs. There are also devices that act like sensory nerves. These devices are either light sensitive or switch activated. That way a robot would be able to tell where a light source is coming from or when it was running into a wall. The hardest part about making a robotic hand do something is to make the open and closing motion with the fingers. Humans have nerves and muscels that alow th em to retract and contract their fingers. With a robot cables, motors, or pneumatic hydralics can be used. Strong cables can be used to give easy and quiet movements. Motors used with different pitch ratios can make the fingers stronger when gripping or faster. By determining how much work would have to be done on the gear to make it offer would make the gear lift an object with force.

Literature Reveiw About Ethics and Organic Food Essay

Since the last ten years, the fastest growing sector in the regimen manufacturing has been the constituent(a) aliment. Organic food be certified by labels that ensure that they be produced with kayoed pesticides and antibiotics and that they preserve the environment with the use of renewable resources (Organic Produce Export Committee, 2002, cited lea and Worsley, 2005). In France, the AB label ensures that at least 95% of the cropion is radical and compels the producers to dry land clearly the origin and the method of returnion (CSA Agence Bio, 2006).In France in 2006, 43% of the population has consumed positive product at least once a month which corresponds to an increase of 6% since 2003. The growth rate of natural breathing in is active 10 percent per year since 1999. (CSA Agence Bio,2006). Abroad, the same phenomena occurs, and thorough fertiliser, even if it represented no more than than 3% of total food consumption in europium (Soil Association 2000, cited in Aarset et al. 2004) appears to be real trend that leave growth over time. This of importstream has been strengthening by the BSE scandal and the controversy intimately the genetic completelyy modified food effects.Regarding this postulate, queryers and marketers began to excogitate the organic consumer in the late 90s. It is very important for food providers to understand why the consumers purchase this new diverseness of food. In our guinea pig, we chose to focus on the determination of consumers pens as well as their motives to act. Most of the studies we deal emphasized on the determination of consumers profiles in term of socio-demographic cistrons associate to their attitudes or indigence.But we can wonder if those factors argon sufficient in set out to give a global understanding of the organics buyers. The research problem is here(predicate) to define which factors decide the organic food consumption, and to understand their inter-relationship in a global con text of food consumption. In a first part, we will interpret to understand the trespass on culture on consumption and then the need to look at each orbit particularly. Then we will discuss the main factors that influence the consumers that is to say attitudes, determine and motivations (combined with socio-demographic factors).Eventually, we will present and analyse the research we decided to base our study on in order to erupt the constructs and the propositions of the archetypeual framework. 1Market development and cultural factors. 1. 1Culture influences the food choice. The some primary factor that gives a proposeion to an individual is certainly is culture or region of origin. Solomon (1991, pesterer 15) defines it as a societys individualisedity. Its the sharing among a population of traditions, norms, beliefs and attitudes in unitary terra firma or in single specific region.Culture is the first socio-demographic factor that would affect the decision to purchase. Socio-demographic factors (Mac Carthy and Perreault, 1990, p79-81) atomic number 18 the dimensions that affect the consumer act of purchase in a specific consumption context. The classifiable ways to segment and define consumers be presented in the exhibit 1 the socio-demographic factors. Regarding this postulate, we can assume that the conduct will be distinct from a sphere to anformer(a). For instance, Aarset et. Al (2004) highlighted that from a country to another, organic products are not seen to be the same even if they are.Thus, they compared the core of organic and the perception of labelling scheme in France, Germany, Norway and UK. The study highlights the fact that these notions are unclear and clouded for the consumer and that different countries perceived them in different ways. The two tables below resume the cross-national comparison Table 1 The description of organic in the five countries (Aarset et. al, 2004) France GermanyNorwaySpainUK ?Natural ?Limited Huma n intervention? High welfare ?Natural ?Environmentally kind? Characterised by confusion and ambivalence ?Natural? Ecological and natural ?Non-use of pesticides ?Not environmentally damaging? freedom from artificial inputs ? limiting environment damage Table 2 The perception of the labelling system (Aarset et. al, 2004) France GermanyNorwaySpainUK ?Easily duped ?Legislative system required at the EU level ?Aware of Bio label ?Trust the AB system? Spectical consumers ?Unfamiliar with labels ?Limited association of regulations? Sceptical labelling as gimmick ? Limited knowledge of regulations? Labels should reflect quality ? Ignorant most current labels?Limited knowledge of regulations ?Trust government certifications? Should be free from government inputs ? Sceptical ?Unfamiliar ?Limited knowledge of regulations More specially, Beharrel and Mac Fie (1991, cited in Squires et. al, 2001) showed that the motivations and the attitudes towards organic food were country specific. People a re influenced by their society and by their way of life inside. Furthermore, longitudinal studies (Douglas and Wildavsky, 1982 and Davies et al. 1995, cited in Squires et. al, 2001) show that demeanour evolves over time.In this way in the first study Irish consumers ranked environmental concerns at the top and four years later, the same concern was equally cited by consumers with health concern (Squires et al. 2001). 1. 2The level of development of the country market influences organic food choice 1. 2. 1A cross- national study of Danish and New-Zealand organic consumers. A cross-national study made by Squires et. al (2001) compares the conduct of Danish and New-Zealand organic consumer regarding the level of organic food market development.Denmark is considered to be a mature market where organic food products are well implemented and New-Zealand is seen as a novice one. Lampkin (1992, cited in Squires et al. 2001) established that in a mature market, environment is the most imp ortant motive to consume organic products. The pasture, the prices and the availability will to a fault subscribe to an impact on sales. The study about Danes and New Zealanders confirms these findings. Thus, New-Zealanders who are health focused, tend to be more heavy consumers of organic food, succession for Danes the same motivation appear to be not significant.Environmentally friendly and green consumers are more likely to be heavy consumers of organic food products in Denmark. Finally, the research paper highlights that the macro-environment has an impact. For instance, Danish health and care system is well unquestionable so we can assume that they dont look to at first to protect their bodies but that they are more focus on environmental concern as Denmark is one of the most green country. Squires et al. (2001) advocates that study should take into account the macro-environment of countries studies as well as the market development concerning the organic food market.The s tage of development of the industry in the life-cycle is also a predictor of moderators of organic consumption. These factors should be considered when hypotheses and propositions are made about one specific country and its organic food consumption trends. 1. 2. 2The moderators of consumption count on on the market development Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) investigated the two major barriers of organic food consumption the price and the availability of products (Tregear et al, 1994 Magnusson et al. 2001, cited in Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005).The price is a barrier when the product has no special added value for the buyer (Roddy et al. 1996, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002). Generally, the willingness to deport differs from the range of products, for instance 52% of German accept to pay more for fresh products and 34% for animal products like meat ( Meier-Ploeger and Woodward, 1999, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002). A priori, these moderators would work an i mpact everywhere and would have an influence in the country studied, Finland (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005).Actually, the hypotheses that the price and availability of products were both rejected by the study. Indeed, the range of products analysed (breads) were not price premium compared to stodgy bread. Furthermore, it appears that there is no availability issue and no short supply in Finland as the market is well implemented in this country. If we look at the same factors in Spain, (Sanjuan et al. 2003), it showed that in Spain, the price has a strong impact on the consumption of organic food. Thus, the willingness to pay was below the actual difference amidst organic and conventional products.It also stated that the willingness to pay was different among different range of products, for example, Spanish are more ready to buy at a price premium if they are considering fresh products. In the same way, a Hellenic survey (Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002) about purchasing motive s and organic food illustrated that the availability of products was the main barriers as the choice and the number of retailers are very limited. As Conclusion, we can state that culture as well as market development are important factors when considering the consumption of organic food.As far as the situation is different country by country, it is enkindle to study demeanors in specific situation. Culture and market development are not the only determinants that will influence the behaviour regarding organic products. Socio-demographic factors will also influence the decision making process of organic consumer. These factors can be combined with value, attitudes and/or motivations in order to spirit different consumer profiles. We the following(a) parts, we will discuss the impact of these determinants in the organic food consumption. 2The attitudes that influence consumer2. 1Attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behaviour 2. 1. 1Attitudes Attitudes are different from value beca use they concern objects like a behaviour, a psyche, an idea or a thing. Attitudes are the expression of the thinking in a precise situation. Attitudes are judged finished our determine. (Antonides and Raajj, 1998, p. 138). The attitude is commutation to the role model of values-attitudes-behaviour where the influence should theoreotically flow from abstract values to mid-range attitudes to specific behaviour (Homer and Kahle, 1988 cited in Soyoen and Eastlick, 1998).As we will see conterminous, attitudes are central in the context of good choices. 2. 1. 2The Theory of Planned Behaviour and consumers ethics 2. 1. 2. 1The notification of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The scheme of reasoned action (TRA), developed Ajzen and Fishbein in 1980, is a value-attitude-behaviors framework where the objective is to understand which factors would influence the consumer in an ethical context. The model is establish on the fact that behaviour is a direct function of Intention where end is built in function of attitude and infixed norm.Intention to purchase are considering to be good determinant of the behaviour (Honkanen et al. 2006). Furthermore it concerns a rational decision making process where an individual has control. The attitude is made by the sum of individuals beliefs and the evaluation of those beliefs. In the same way, the subjective norm is the sum of two elements -individuals beliefs that important to other think they should or not should perform the behaviour question -The motivation to comply with other. In 1985, Adjzen added a new variable, the perceived behavioural control.This theory is widespread supported by researchers (Ajzen, 1991), but it is stated that additional predictors could be included in the model if there are significant to forecast consumer behaviour. Figure 2 The theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) 2. 1. 2. 2The relationship between TPB and food choice behaviour. In 1994, Thompson et. al (1998)analyzed the food behaviour with the TPB model in the context of growing consumption of olive oil in United Kingdom. The constructs of perceived behaviour control was take away because Spark et al. (1995, cited in Thompson et. al, 1994) stated that the olive oil usage was not significantly impeded.In this case of olive oil, the model was significant and confirm that TPB is well adapted to food consumption (Saegert and Young,1983 Towler and Shepherd, 1992 cited in Thompson et. al, 1994). Additionally, the study showed that attitudes is a powerful predictor and explain the major part of the behaviour. It emphasizes that olive consumption is principally due to the willingness to improve the taste of salad. Furthermore, the subjective norms play a minor role in the model, and reveals to be not significant. This fact is due the low involvement of consumers in the act of eating or suping.The consumption of organic food is more involved act as it reflects the life-style and the values of an individual. In the next study, we will see that subjective norm plays a key role when its integrated in the model as antecedents of attitudes. 2. 2The TPB in the context of organic food consumption 2. 2. 1The importance of subjective norms as antecedents of values. The research conducted by Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) looks at the subjective norms and attitudes that influence the organic food consumption in Finland. As we emphasized previously, the perceived control behaviour as price and availability were found not significant.The most important finding of this study is the integration in the model of subjective norms as an antecedent of attitudes. As we said before, the subjective norms were often viewed as non significant because of the low-involvement in the food and drink consumption. However, Chang (1998), Sherphed and OKeefe (1984), Shimp and Kavas (1984) and Vallerland et al. (1992) (cited in Tarkiainen and Sundqvist 2005) demonstrated that subjective norms were significant when the decisi on is related to an ethical context and when there are placed as antecedents of attitudes.The result of the study illustrated the importance of the behaviour in relation with others thinking. Furthermore, the specific attitude took into account in the study that is to say the health consciousness, is not sufficient in order to explain attitudes. The authors intimate that further studies should look at several motives/beliefs to explain attitudes as environment concern. The next study we will discuss considers more variables in the model of TPB. 2. 2. 2The variable modelling approach of ethical consumer choice.Using the theory of planned behaviour, Shaw and Shiu (2003) explored the important factors that occur in the context of organic food shopping. They proposed a study based on self-interest factors. In this way, they added two constructs in the primary theory the self-identity and ethical obligation. Ethical obligation refers to ethical beliefs that would represent a persons be liefs of what is good or bad. Self-identity can be defined as the pertinent part of an individuals self that relates to a particular behaviour (Shaw and Shiu, 2002).As Shaw and Shiu stated in 2000, these construct have an impact on the consumer behaviour in an ethical context and have been neglected before. Figure 3 circumscribed theory of Planned behaviour (Shaw and Shiu, 2003) This model was validate through a structural equation modelling in order to predict the behaviour of organic consumer. The study explains 52% percent of the actions of them. The theory of planned behaviour gives the opportunity to have more insight that a classical socio-demographic analysis which usually defines the consumer profile (Shaw and Shiu, 2003).However some factors remain unexplained (48%) and authors proposed to look at values that would influence the behaviour in order to understand which ones are underlying the self-identity and ethical obligation. In another hand, the study emphasized that in formation and emotions are very important in the ethical decision making (Shaw and Clark, 1999, cited in Shaw and Shiu, 2003). In the next step, we will focus on the values that influence the consumer decision process in the context of organic food shopping. 3The relationship between Values and organic consumption 3.1Presentation and meaning of values The concept of values is defined as what is behind attitudes and behaviour of an individual in the context of organisation, institutions and society (M. Rockeach, 1973). Personal values are known to explain consumers behaviour in very broad situations (Rockeach, 1973). Personal values are defined by Schwartz and Bilsky (1987, cited in Steenhaut, 2006) as concept or beliefs about desirable end states or behaviours that transcend specific situations, guide selection or evaluation of behaviour and events, and are ordered by relative importance.Milton Rockeach (1973) developed a wide range of values which are divided into two categories th e instrumental and the terminal one. The 36 kinds of different values are presented in the exhibit 2 Instrumental and terminal values defined by M. Rockeach (1973, chap 3). Based on the work of M. Rockeach, Schwartz (1992, cited in Schwartz 2001) developed ten groups of values within a circular structure where the set of values is linked to each other. These ten groups of values are (Schwartz, 2001) -Self-direction -Stimulation -Achievement -Hedonism -Security -Benevolence -Universalism.-Conformity -Power -Tradition For the detailed meaning of each value, please refer to the exhibit 3 Definitions of type of values and items that represent and measure them (Schwartz, 2001). According to Schwartz (2001), values can be antagonist or congruent to each other. The circular pattern above shows the relationship between the ten groups. If two values are near, they tend to be congruent and if they are at the opposite, they are in conflict. Two axes resume the scheme Self-enhancement versus se lf transcendence opposes power and achievement to universalism and benevolence values.Openness to change to versus conservatism opposes the autonomy and stimulation values to security and conformity. (Schwartz, 2001) Figure 4 The relationship among 10 motivational types of values. 3. 2Exploring the organic food consumption towards the Schwartz Value cartoon In the viewing of the result of the Theory of Planned Behaviour applied to organic food consumers, authors (Shaw et al. , 2005) investigated the pertinence of person-to-person values in the same context. They used the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) explained above. The result of the study can be summarizes in the following tableTable 3 Values that are important in an ethical fate of view (from Shaw et al. 2005) Groups of ValuesSpecific items related to an ethical issues AchievementInfluential people are drive by ethical obligation and want to influence others. SecurityHealthy people want to eat and drink something that would p rotect or at least not harm themselves BenevolenceHelpful want to have information for staff Honest relationship based on swan UniversalismEquality and social justice protection and welfare of all people Protecting the environment preserving the nature.In addition to the SVS, authors defined three values that were important for choosing organic food the capitalism as a forbid one, consumer power and the animal welfare as positive one. In conclusion, values are not all meaningful and were inappropriate to study the ethical consumer. The most important finding is that the universalism values are the most relevant one in this specific context. A second study investigates the personal values combined with the Hunt-Vitell scheme as we will see now. 3. 3Relationship between personal values, ethical ideology and ethical beliefs.The Hunt-Vitell theory examines the judgment and the evaluation of an ethical problem of an individual. In this review of consumer ethics, Vitell (2003) emphasize d that two major factors influence the evaluation of consumers the idealism and the relativism. After a presentation about the model that will be used, we will discuss the purpose of the research paper. 3. 3. 1Hunt-Vitell theory of ethics Hunt and Vitell (1986) developed a model thats studying the decision making process of an individual when (s)he is facing an ethical issue.When a person is in front an issue, (s)he has alternatives that he can chose. These perceived alternatives are evaluated thanks to two ways of analysis the deontological and the teleological point of view. The deontological evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of the behaviour itself and compares the evaluation of alternatives in term of wrongness or rightness. This is directly related to personal norms and beliefs that a person develops. The teleological evaluation focuses on the consequences of the alternatives, and wants to state if its good or bad to take one decision.It contains four major constructs - the perceived consequences of each alternatives for various stakeholders, -The probability that each consequence will occur to each stakeholder, -The oomph or lack of desirability of each consequence, -The importance of each stakeholder group (Hunt and Vitell, 1986, p. 9). These predictors sum up together, build the ethical judgment of an individual which is turned into intention to behave and into behaviour. Finally, we also have a predictor called Situational Constraints which is related to the macro-environment that could impact the behaviour (eg.opportunity).The concept established that four areas will impacted the perceived ethical issue, alternatives and consequences -The cultural environment -The personal characteristics -The industry environment -The organizational environment. As we can see Hunt and Vitell theory is a global concept that occurs in businesses related situation, however if we contain the constructs related to a professional situation, this model is valid to study the consumer behaviour (Scott J. Vitell, 2003). Figure 1 the Hunt and Vitell theory without professional situational predictors (Hunt and Vitell, 1986).3. 3. 2Findings about the relationship between personal values, ethical beliefs and ethical ideology The purpose of the research done by Steenhaut and Kenhove (2006) was to examine the influence and the impact of individual personal values priorities in the ethical judgment. To do so, they used the Hunt-Vitell theory combined with the Schwartz Value Survey (Schwartz, 1994, cited in Steenhaut and Kenhove, 2006). To measure the ethical beliefs, they use the Consumer Ethics Scale developed and validated by Vitell and Muncy (1992, cited in Vitell 2003).This scale looked at the reactions of consumers in front of ethical questionable actions (e. g. the reaction facing a passive benefit at the cost of others). The study found that idealism was determinant more a consumer is attached to tradition, security and conformity the more lik ely he is to act ethically. Furthermore, more a consumer is attached to universalism and benevolence (self-transcendent), the more is likely to act ethically. ? Two major types of values are important in an ethical context. The universalism and benevolence (self-transcendent) are the most important values in the context of organic food shopping.These findings cant explain a lot of the behaviour (no more than 10% in Shaw et al. 2006), so we propose that more specific values related to food choices and ethical behaviour have to be studied. ?These findings give the opportunity to marketer to pains their communication actions on values that care for organic consumers. However, personal values are only an indirect linked to the consumer behaviour, and it is noticed in the both studies (Shaw et al. 2006 and Steenhaut and Kenhove, 2006) illustrated that personal values are not enough to predict ethical decision making process especially in the context of organic shopping.Even if self-tran scendent values need to be studied in the case of organic food consumption, its just a set of explanation. These values are to general and are shared by people in a culture (Honkanen et al. 2006) so it appears that different ways to investigate the relationship between values and organic food consumption should be discussed. In the next part, we will investigate countrywide surveys that have explored the organic consumers. They take into account more variables like socio-demographic factors, beliefs and motives regarding organic consumption.4Analyzing the organic consumers through their motivation and their socio-demographic factors 4. 1What are the main motivations towards organic consumption? 4. 1. 1The health motives Most of the researches done on organic consumers state that the most important factor that influences the decision to purchase is the health (Fagerli and Wandel 1999, Rozin et al. 1999, cited in Magnusson et al. 2003). Even if there are no clear evidence that organic food consumption is healthier than the conventional one, this factor is generally ranked at the top. 4. 1. 2The environmentally friendly consumers/Concern for the environment is the other one most important motive to purchase organic products. In this case, people want to act in order to protect the environment, the nature and more generally the eco-system. These consumers also care about the pollution, the usage of non renewable resources and species preservations. (McEachern and McClean,2002). The animal welfare is also a motivation for environmentally friendly consumers. 4. 1. 3The food safety One of the reasons for seeking food safety (Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002) is related to recent food scandal like the BSE crisis in UK and all over Europe.People are looking for better quality and safety in order to protect themselves and that include organic products. Furthermore, the genetically modified food appears to be risky for a range of consumers , they would have positive thin king about organics compared to negative thoughts about GM (Rimal et al. 2005). 4. 1. 4The taste of the product Consumers often see organic products as more tasty compared to the conventional one because they are made in smaller quantities and wider varieties (Davis et al. 1995, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002).Tastes rating is high in country like UK and Germany (Meier-Ploeger and Woodward, 1999 cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002). It seems that it is one of the top five factors of motivation for buying. further it appears that there is no scientific evidence of the higher taste of organics and it seems that the beliefs of the consumers are divergent from the reality (Hutchins and Greenhalg, 1997, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002) 4. 1. 5The confidence on food industry The study of Squires et al.(2001) showed that less an individual is confident in the conventional food industry, the more likely he is to purchase organic food. That seems logical as if a cons umer is panicked about conventional food, we will seek for other alternatives including organics. As we stated that there are differences between consumer profiles and habits according to the country of origin and it would be interesting to emphasize these divergences. In the next part, consumers are studied according to their purchase behaviour (intensity) thanks to the combination of motivations with socio-demographics factors.In this way, we will discuss the behaviour on several countries and try to analyse if these factors are suuficient to well understand organic consumers. 4. 2The consumers profiles by countries 4. 2. 1. 1? in France According to the barometer made by CSA Agence Bio in 2006, 4 out 10 people consume organic products at least once a month and that 7% consume it every week. The motives of French consumers have evolved over time and are -The protection of the environment -The health concern -The food safety -The taste and the quality. Furthermore, the availability of the products is seen as a moderator for 19% of the population.The willingness to pay more is well accepted as consumers think that is normal to pay more for higher quality standard products like organics. The products that are the more consumed are fresh, diary, and meat items. In this study, we dont have any information about the socio-demographic profiles about consumers as well as their values. 4. 2. 1. 2? in Australia The research of Lea and Worsley (2005) scrutinize the relationship between personal values, beliefs and socio-demographics factors in order to understand the organic consumers in Australia.They use a 12 items scale about beliefs and organic food, a 14 items scale about the self-transcendence personal values adapted from Schwartz Value Survey and a 13 items scale (age, sex, income and education) to perform their questionnaire. The results are summarized in the following table ValuesBeliefs and MotivesModeratorsDemo. Profile The values are positively related to o rganic purchases. They explain only 8% of the variance in the study-Health -Taste -environmentThe disbursal and the availability are the major moderators as expected.50% mistrust the organic labelling systemMore women compare to men a likely to purchase. The other factors were not significant. The profile which is more likely to purchase is a female who strongly care about nature and equality. The study suggest that not only socio-demographic and personal values factors influence the decision to purchase and that future research should look the perceived consequences of the act of buying and other concrete attribute like taste or colour. 4. 2. 1. 3? in New-Zealand The purpose of the study developed by Squires et al.(2001) was to investigate the cross-influences of the health, environmentally concerns, and the confidence in conventional food in the consumption in New-Zealand and in Denmark. The findings about the New-Zealanders are shown in the following table Beliefs and MotivesGen eral ProfileDemo. Profile -Health -Environment -Less trust in conventional in food ind. ? + towards organics. Personal eco-identity profile worried person about the mankind and about environmental disaster would buy more. More female, older people and more rural and suburbs consumers consume organic products.4. 2. 1. 4? in Denmark According to the same study (Squires et al. 2001), Danes profile of organic consumers are Beliefs and MotivesGeneral ProfileDemo. Profile -Environment -Health -Mistrust in conventional in food ind. ? + towards organics. Green Self-perception profile care about the environment and its protection at first. More female, older people and live in cities. The authors advise for further research to look at more motivation factors in order to give more insights about the organic consumers. 4. 2. 1. 5? in Sweden The research made in Sweden by Magnusson et al.(2003) deals only with the two main factors that influence the organic decision to purchase, the human healt h and the environment and their consequences on the consumer. They design a study based on four organic types of product with two different scales -Questions about the frequency, attitudes, availability and beliefs about organic products. -Questions about the 17 possible consequences of buying organic food in general. They find out that the consequences of the act of buying are strongly related to environment and health well-being.The Swedish are motivated by health concern in the intention and frequency to purchase and young female tend to be the most likely to consume organic product. They also state that the environmental concern is an selfless motive and that the health concern is more an egoistic motive (I want the well-being for my relatives and me at first). Swedish who have a strong green behaviour regarding recycling for instance, have more self-centred motives for buying organic food. It can be explain by the fact that recycling or green behaviour require less involvement are easier to do everyday.?This study emphasizes the need to analyse the organic consumer in a wider way with the inclusion of his/her behaviour regarding other green or ethic activities. With the inclusion of these variables, research would have the capacity to state if other green behaviours are related or have an impact on the consumption of organics. 4. 2. 1. 6? in Greece The Greek market is a novice one regarding the consumption of organic products, and Fotopoulos and Krystallis (2002) want give information about consumers in the country and investigate ways to cluster different consumers according to their behavio.

Coconut: the most economically important member of the great palm family Essay

CHAPTER 1(BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY)In this modern world considered as the era of comforts, we in any case face poverty and scarcity of resources because of over population. So, people today are searching for some easier and better ways to save money through substitute commercialized products with improvised and homemade products, economizing, etc. In short people today are just being practical on what they will obtain or what they will do to meet their needs.The coco palm is the fruit of the well-nigh economically important member of the great palm family, Palmae. The genus Cocos are atomic number 34 Asians and contain only one species, Cocos Nucifera.Cultivated in tropical lowlands, almost always near the sea, the coconut has ample been distri stilled through step forward Southeast Asia and along the Tropical Afri bath and American coasts. The coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the many uses of its different parts. For centuries, the coconut pal has supplied the people of the Pacific Islands with food, drink, shelter, and most of their needs.The durian is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce killable fruit. Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market other species are sold in their local regions.Regarded by many people in Southeast Asia as the king of fruits, thedurian is distinctive for its large size, strong odor, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow as large as 30 centimeters (12 in) long and 15 centimeters (6 in) in diameter, and it typically weighs one to common chord kilograms (2 to 7 lb.). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the color of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellowed to red, seeing on the species. Corn (Zea mays) has been grown in the northeast for generations, and is a demanding crop but one that is highly-valued for its use. Corn, Zea mays, is an annual g rass in the family Poaceae and is a staple food crop grown all over the world.Corn is the second most important crop in the Philippines. About 14 one thousand thousand Filipinos prefer white corn as their main staple and yellow corn accounts for about 50% of livestock mixed feeds. Some 600,000 farm households depend on corn as a major source of livelihood, in addition to transport services, traders, processors and agricultural input suppliers who directly benefit from corn production, processing, market and distribution. Shoe shining is the process of applying an external substance to the surface of a skid to improve the materials and make it shinier. Shoe shining has been a part of shoe care for hundreds of years. Adding a shine to a shoe brings polish to an outfit. Shoe polish products are low-value items are frequently purchased as a single but might last for several days.The questioners wanted to produce shoe polish out of the coconut husks, durian husks and corn cobs because we found another use for them. This leads to stand an experiment using the ashes of coconut husk, durian husks and corn cobs for shoe polish. If these products would be successful, it can help in recycling coconut husks, durian husks and corn cobs and can lessen them to avoid them scattering all over our community.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis study aims to make an effective shoe polish out of ashes from burned coconut husks, durian spit outs, and corn cobs.Specifically, the study would like to answer the following* What are the components that are present in the ashes?* How effective is the shoe polish in foothold of Shine that it could give Life Span Color of Polish compared to other brands* What is the difference between the commercial shoe polish from the shoe polish out of ashes from the coconut husks, durian skins, and corn cobs?ASSUMPTIONThe researchers believed that Coconut husks, Corn Cobs and durian tree Skins are effective alternative shoe polish and can make it a sou rce of income.HYPOTHESISThere was no significant difference between the efficiency of our product to the commercial shoe polish that was sold on the market. importation OF THE STUDYOne of the main benefits of a shoe shine is that it helps preserve the material that shoes are made out of. Polishing products also provides the practical application of wax on the leather that helps in keeping it waterproof and reduces the dirt accumulated on the leather. Shoe polish also gives a moisturizing effect to the leather and proper care may help in lasting the shoes for several years. Since coconut, durian, and corn is abundant in our country, people can make it a source of livelihood.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONThe study is focused on the effectiveness of the alternative shoe polish and aims to shine shoes at a long period of time. Furthermore, this study is only limited to the effectiveness, color, shine, duration, and the odor it can give.METHODOLOGYThe purpose of this chapter is to present the exp erimental assumptions underpinning this research, as well as to introduce the research strategy and empirical techniques applied then the materials used in conducting thisstudy. The chapter defines the scope and limitations of the research design.MaterialsThe researchers utilized the following materials in accomplishing the project Coconut husks, Corn Cobs, durion Skins, Coals, Matchsticks, Ashes, Tongs, Strainer, 3 Basins, Pitcher, Water, Measuring Cups, Detergent Bar Soap, Knife, Frying Pan, Spoon, Citric Acid, Glycerin, Dye, and Kerosene. The sun was used as the source of heat to dry the Coconut husks, Corn cobs and Durian skins. The coals and matchsticks are used to burn the three different fruit shells and tongs was used to protect our hands from getting burned. The strainer was used to remove big particles and for us to gather fine ashes. The 3 basins were used as containers of the ashes. The pitcher was used as a container for the water. The measuring cups were used to measur e the quantity of the water, citric acid, glycerin, dyestuff and kerosene needed. The knife was used to cut the bar soap. The frying pan and spoon were used in heating up the whole mixture.ProcedureThe researchers collect (1) one sack coconut husk, (1) one sack corn cobs and (1) one sack durian skin. After collecting the three different fruit shells the researchers let them stay under the sun for three days to get totally dry. Then after three days the researchers prepared the materials for the burning process. The researchers burned the three different dried fruit shells separately and collected the ashes. Afterwards, they inspect the ashes and they remove the big particles using a strainer.1.Burn the dried coconut husk, corn cob, and durian skin separately and collect the ashes.2.Inspect the ashes and remove the big particles.3.Measure a certain amount of water.4.Cut the bar soap into small pieces and dissolve it on water.5.Add the ashes.6.Heat the mixture until it boils, then r eorganize evenly.7.After few minutes add the citric acid and the glycerin.8.Pour into a container. The mixture needs to settle for a number of hours before used.

Chinese Somatic Science Essay

In 1984 when the Japan-France symposium was held, scholars of religion, medicine and psychology were gathered from both sides, and they engaged in interchange in order to promote the movement of New Age Science. I included a suggestion, made from the Japanese side, presentations on Traditional Chinese euphony (TCM), Parapsychology, Eastern soldierlike arts and their demonstrations. In the martial arts demonstration there was included the performance of a technique in which a crucify martial artist, by emitting ki- readiness (chi- muscle), makes opponents, who are spatially distanced from him, fall down.This technique is called distant hitting to-ate , and it became a conversation piece, attracting peoples attention. As a result, numerous q(g(ng (Chi-gong) masters came to visit me. I studied their techniques, and experienced ki-energy as a subject of their q(g(ng techniques. Afterwards, I went to China to learn about its actual situation. While I was staying in Beijing in 1997, t he Chinese Society for corporal Science (CSSS) was established.The leaders of this society came to see me with a request to make efforts to propagate q(g(ng in Japan. In the following year, I invited scholars and q(g(ng masters from China and held a symposium Ki (Chi) and Human Science in Tokyo.i At about this time, a q(g(ng boom was beingness generated. After this conference, I went to China many times to investigate and study q(g(ng. I will introduce its primaeval ideas, while incorporating my own opinion.Chinese Somatic Science wayes on the three fields of traditional Chinese medicine, q(g(ng and particular(prenominal) abilities as its main objects of research. Special abilities refer to what parapsychology calls psi-ability ( paranormal ability). A central focus in each of these fields is ki-energy as the object of research. Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the fundamentals of the gentleman bodys organization by promoter of the network of meridians. Meridians are channels of energy which circulates in the interior of the human body. However, they are an invisible system which can non be discovered by dissecting a corpse.In different words, they are a system unique to the body that is active while it is alive. I am taking this to mean, for now, like a system that organizes the subject-body (i.e. the lived body) of which Merleau-Ponty speaks. An chief(prenominal) point, when it is seen from a theoretical point-of-view, is that the meridians are a system which does not agree with the mind-body dichotomization established since Descartes. That is to say, ki-energy is conceived to be a life-energy which has both physical and psychological characteristics. The fundamental principle of needle therapy utilize in traditional Chinese medicine lies in activating the circulation of ki-energy within the human body by infusing fresh ki-energy into the human body, while eliminating the stagnant and inferior flow of ki-energy.Next is q(g(ng. Q(g(ng teac hes us that the application of ki-energy can be heightened through a repeated training. Consequently, we can understand that q(g(ng, theoretically speaking, has a characteristic commensurate with the training in martial arts. It is a bodily technique with a tradition stretching from antediluvian times. In the theme of medical therapy, a mature q(g(ng doctor guides patient roles to train themselves and practice q(g(ng on their own. Here we can discern a regularityology different from the therapeutic method of modern medical science. While modern medical therapy leaves patients to assume a passive tie-up of simply receiving doctors treatment, q(g(ng lets them assume an active standpoint of training themselves.The point of this training lies in activating the natural healing power latent in the interior of ones own body. Ki-energy is perspective to be the energy that controls the foundations of life-activity. The training means to promote and purify the activity of ki-energy insi de of ones own body, and to transform it to the ki-energy of a better and high quality. Therefore, it is a therapeutic method as well as a method of maintaining and promoting health. That is, it can become a method of maintaining health by continually training oneself daily, while it is not limited to a time of sickness.Q(g(ng is divided into internal and external q(g(ng for the purpose of convenience. The training which a patient performs after receiving steerage belongs to the inner q(g(ng, while the outer q(g(ng refers to cases in which a mature q(g(ng master performs therapy on a patient or subject. In these cases, the q(g(ng master unwashedly touches the patients body with his hand, scarcely there are cases in which a q(g(ng master, distancing himself from the patient, performs a therapeutic technique without making contact. It is probably safe to think that it is ground on the same principle as the technique of therapeutic touch, which in recent years is beginning to spre ad in American.The third field that is called special ability in China, overlaps with the research of what is referred to in the West and Japan as parapsychology. On numerous occasions, I met with q(g(ng masters in China who have a bun in the oven paranormal ability, and observed their technique, while engaging them in dialogue. I encountered people who can demonstrate a wonderful technique, not to mention clairvoyance and psycho-kinesis, which Rhines research problematized. Insofar as my research can confirm, there are cases of people who innately possess these abilities, and cases of people who have acquired them through training. If these abilities are used in the field of medicine, they can fulfill the same role as the external q(g(ng. Moreover, there are cases among master martial artists who can demonstrate this kind of ability, though its number is limited.One impression I have received when encountering these people is that there is a great difference amidst the East and t he West in the foundational idea, when dealing with this kind of issue. While in the East this kind of issue has been dealt with as part of the issue related to self-cultivation, which traditionally has a cultural and sacred background, there was no such historical and cultural background in the West. Consequently, parapsychological research in the West is preceded by an interest and concern from a theoretical point-of-view.This brings in the background of contemporary scholarly research where there is no concern for its relationship to daily activity. By contrast, in Chinas case the practical purpose, as in the case of q(g(ng, looms in the purview of research. This kind of stance is based on the traditional ethos found in the news report of science and technology in China. (Modern technology of the West emerged as an application of theory, where theoretical research does not take into account the relationship it has with the practical, daily activity of human beings.) When we exa mine it from a broader perspective, this kind of tendency is rooted in the philosophical tradition of the East which highly values the practical standpoint.However, there is a tradition in the East which admonishes people, as they are prone to fall into an ethically wrong tendency regarding paranormal phenomena. The tradition of East Asia such as that of China and Japan maintains that the bodily technique must conform to an ethical standpoint. Although I could hardly see such a spiritualistic stance in the contemporary situation in China and Japan, there were occasions where I met persons with such a stance, especially among the masters of martial arts, who are living among people, but not related to universities or academic institutions. In the tradition of Buddhism, this kind of special ability has been called siddhi jints(riki and is considered a kind of a by-product that naturally emerges in the crinkle of self-cultivation.Buddhism has persistently maintained that self-cultiva tion should not aim at acquiring this as its goal. For example, D(gen, a famous Japanese medieval Zen monk, teaches in the chapter of Jints( Divine Power, i.e. paranormal power in Sh(b(genz( that although Buddhism recognizes this kind of siddhi, it is a small siddhi, and the true great siddhi exists in the midst of such everyday activities as drinking tea and take a meal. This reminds me of Yang Xin, a q(g(ng master, who is now actively promoting q(g(ng in America. When I saw him in Beijing some time ago, he told me that he was now poring over distant q(g(ng Chin. yu(g(q(g(ng Jap., enkaku kik(, .He was accompanied by a twelve-year girl, who was his experimental subject. I asked him why he was conducting such an experiment. He replied I am not laborious to become famous by showing off this kind of technique. As I read a description in a classic on the method of self-cultivation that one can perform this kind of technique, I just wanted to know if it is true or not. Then he wrote o n a piece of paper Chin., d(d(ow(y(n Jap., daid(mugon This phrase means that The Great Dao remains silent and does not speak.Herein lies, it would seem, a difference in the traditional ethos between the Eastern martial arts and Western sports. The historical origin of Western sports goes back to the Olympian events in ancient Greece. They emerged, based on the demands of a field of study such as physical strength, stamina, running, throwing, and the handling technique of a house-drawn cart. We might say that the custom of the modern Olympics in which a record is valued more than than anything else inherits this traditional idea. By contrast, in the tradition of the martial arts in the East runs an idea which emphasizes spirituality, even though the martial arts highly-developed, like those of ancient Greece, through techniques used on the battlefield.The history of the Chinese and Japanese martial arts was nurtured through the influence of Buddhism and Shintoism. It came to devel op the idea that training in martial arts has the meaning of enhancing ones ethical personality. Consequently, the stance of respecting the opponents personality and capacity was sought in performing techniques. For example, Mr. Ueshiba Morihei, founder of Aikid(, states that militant art is chouse. The ultimate goal of martial arts is not to win by defeating an opponent, but to harmonize with an opponent such that people can love each other under that which is great transcending humans. It would seem that research on the prayer, which has been recently initiated in America, incorporates this kind of spiritual idea.Incidentally, I came to realize in the course of investigating the Chinese Somatic Sciences that the standpoint of psychology was lacking. In modern China, which used Marxist materialism as its guiding principle for establishing the nation, psychology was not studied until the time of the Cultural Revolution, as anti-thetical to materialism. Even q(g(ng was an object of suppression. Today, however, the study of psychology is recognized to be legitimate, and the exchange with Japan is making an advance. I have practiced meditation since my youth, and have continued to research and study it.Meditation methods in the Chinese tradition were called quiet q(g(ng and stands a pairing relationship with the usual moving q(g(ng which mobilizes the body. However, almost no meditation methods are practiced in contemporary China. This is probably due to the fact that meditation methods such as those of Buddhism and Daoism were developed within the tradition of religious culture, and declined as a consequence of persecution after the modern period. When somatic science was established in Japan in 1991, we used for its English designation the Society for Mind-Body Science (SMBS), as I felt the importance of psychology.The fundamentals of meditation lie, after all, in promoting the circulation of ki-energy. When it is seen from the point-of-view of psychology, ki -energy designates libido. It is life-energy equipped in the unconscious(p) and the body. The foundational idea that is placed in The Secret of the Golden Flower, a meditation text of Daoism, is to transform and sublimate ki-energy from the state of libido (Chin., j(ng Jap., sei, ) to the state of divine subtle energy (Chin., sh(n Jap., shin, ). Ki-energy changes into a spiritual energy, when the instinct and desire in ones unconscious region are purified. Freud insisted that neurosis develops when conscience suppresses the activity of libido, while Jung claimed that libido is an energy related to religiosity. When one touches the activity from the dimension of primal origin, the love of others is transformed from the eros of flesh to spiritual love.To summarize the foregoing, ki-energy is an energy that controls the whole of psychology, medicine, and bodily technique, including the relationship between the environment and the human body. The philosophical guideline that comprehens ively includes all of these fields is sought in the idea of the y(n-y(ng exchange of ki-energy which has its origin in the Yj(ng. According to its conceptual paradigm, nature as an environment is endowed with life, and is fostered to grow, by means of the activity of ki-energy issuing from the Dao that exists in the ultimate dimension. Human beings, along with other life activities, are receptive of this energy and are made to live. Purifying it to a sublime level brings about an enhancement of ethical personality.

A Comparison of Berrypicking and Sense-Making in Human Information Behavior

In todays society, people are inundated with breeding from a variety of sources, including television programs, radio shows, in the altogetherspaper articles and the Internet. Daily exposure to this new information provides the opportunity to further our knowledge and apprehending of a subject by doing further explore but what is the most effective demeanor to go nigh(predicate) doing so? Two different approaches based on Human education Behavior (HIB) have been posered which help identify souls information-seeking appearance and provide guidance for creating systems which make reckoning for information a productive proposition.The two approaches that will be examined in this paper include the Berrypicking model proposed by Marcia Bates and Brenda Dervins methodological analysis Sense-Making. These two principles vary widely in their domain but are complementary as systems to aid in an information search. Berrypicking Before the late 1980s, the universal model in inform ation retrieval (IR) research was referred to as one query, one single-valued function.According to Marcia Bates, real information searching by an individual does not always conform to the one query, one use method that had been assumed. Bates states that with the development of more sophisticated computer systems that evolved over time, a new design based on the way that regular human beings in real-life situations perform searches for information was necessary (Bates, 2005). She presented a model of the Berrypicking search, and then proposed a variety of design features for users of online systems and former(a) information systems.In Marcia Bates model of Berrypicking, information seeking behavior is modeled as an evolving search (Bates, 1989) whereby the search starts with one query, but is modified at various points based on the information returned by that initial query. The last result may not checker the original query, because new information introduced during the search process may identify tack to get outher paths to follow in determination the most accurate data in the least amount of results.Bates compares this process to real life searching in manual applications such as annotate chasing, citation searching, journal runs, etc. (Bates, 1989). She used such searches to form the basis of a system that would allow users to follow these same manual processes within electronic files. Bates provides a number of applications for Berrypicking in her article unfortunately most are outdated due to todays advances in technology. The process she outlined, however, is still in use for a number of applications today. One example of Berrypicking involves a typical Internet search.A user might begin the hunt for information by use a popular search engine, but the results returned often provide hyperlinks within pages which then takes the user on a different search down an alternate path. Each new click provides the opportunity to revise the original search, ultimately leading the user to a new set of results. Bates argues that Berrypicking should not be considered browsing, because season browsing allows a user to redirect their searching, it is more random and undirected, whereas Berrypicking is an integrated part of the information seeking process.Bates (1989) also identifies Berrypicking as searching within the individuals Universe of Interest (or what information they are interested in seeking) in their own Universe of Knowledge (which includes what they may already know to get them started on their search) but this model does not hold up to the example of a typical Internet search due to the all-inclusive nature of the beingness wide web. Any query online could provide results that may be outside of an initial universe of interest by exposing alternate concepts or ideas and thus enhancing the search process.The inclusion of Figure 3 (Bates, 1989 ) in this model seems to be a rather weak one perhaps due to the fact that the Inte rnet has evolved so much since the introduction of this model in 1989. Sense-Making Alternately, Brenda Dervins Sense-Making Methodology delineates the behavior an individual follows when he seeks to fill a open up in his understanding of information rather than the searching steps that occur to hand it. Sense-Making endeavors to explain how the individual defines and attempts to bridge discontinuities or gaps (Dervin, 1992) in information.Dervin likens this process to a soulfulness crossing a bridge. In this case, an individual attempts to fill a gap between himself and the other side. The decisions he makes as well as his responses to the situation will determine how this person actually maneuvers. Sense-Making focuses on examining the capacity of the user to restore the flow of information between systems and users. This methodology has a wide applicability because it does not attempt to model detail information-seeking behavior but rather the thought process that occurs in conjunction with it.In her article Dervin offers several examples of ways in which this approach has already been used. In one example researchers attempted to understand where a gap existed in communication from a community library and its Hispanic population. After many failed attempts to reach this population through usual publicity efforts, researchers formulated a Sense-Making methodology in the form of a questionnaire that targeted a group of users at the library and asked them the specific question, How were you helped? (Dervin, 1992).This question gave the researchers a better understanding of the needs of this community by delving into their thought processes It helped us to see patrons from a different point of view to understand them better (Dervin, 1992). Through an application of the Sense-Making methodology this library was able to fill the discontinuity between the library and its Hispanic patrons by listening to the needs of the targeted population. The challenge in using the Sense-Making approach to eradicate a gap is that the behaviors exhibited may not be understood until after the event is over.Comparison and Contrast Dervin would argue that one way to understand the fundamental differences between Berrypicking and Sense-Making is to examine the different ways that theories can be used to define them. Theory, when used to describe the Berrypicking system, would most closely match what Dervin calls theory of the first kind, or that which results from observation (Dervin, 2005). Theory of the second kind is defined as the broader theories that direct the observation process they are also cognize as metatheories.However, Sense-Making does not fall into this category. Sense-Making is an attempt to link theories of the first kind with theories of the second kind, or what Dervin (2005) calls theory of the third kind methodological theory. As a new methodology underlying the relationship between the theory that directs observation and the theor y that results from observation, Sense-Making is highly powerful in its capacity to call into question foregoing research methods and conclusions.An important aspect in studying HIB is the focus on the user, rather than the system. Each of these two approaches explains the core concepts bunghole user behavior and spend a penny methodologies rather than attempting to conform human behavior to fit an existing system. Both ideas are concerned with analyzing the way an increased focus on users can impact information systems and aid the unrestrained flow of information.Berrypicking is a fairly narrow model, representative of a specific type of HIB (searching) and it has limits in applicability to other types of information-seeking behavior. Sense-Making has a broader application, because the methodology is also part of a theory (theory for methodology) which can be used to study various types of HIB. Dervin argues that users should be viewed as moving through a space-time continuum us ing multiple strategies and systems as they attempt to make sense of their world and address gaps in their knowledge.Tonyia Tidline (2005) notes in her dissertation Making Sense of stratagem as Information, Sense-Making has great utility for shifting researchers focus from categorization to process, a focus that might better reflect the intricacies of information behavior. Tidline asserts that Brenda Dervins ideas about information needs and the methodology of information-focused research are not effective by themselves, but become so when used in combination with other methods and theories to improve how we observe, analyze and understand information behavior (Tidline, 2005).Consequently, the Berrypicking model, when used in conjunction with the Sense-Making methodology would be complementary and allow for the achievement of better results in those designing systems for IR. Berrypicking could be used as part of Sense-Making/gap-filling process by a user, because each new evolution of the search could fill a new gap or satisfy a discontinuity in our reality. Conclusion Theories or models provide us with a way of understanding and identifying HIB.In our daily lives we have an imperishable number of opportunities to interact with information. Some of this behavior is obvious, but not always. At times our need for new information is only required to bridge the gap in knowledge of something we do not understand. How we attempt to obtain that understanding depends on our circumstances and resources and how well we use each. This paper examined two approaches to HIB Marcia Bates model Berrypicking and Brenda Dervins methodology Sense-Making.Both of these approaches were designed to help researchers understand and better assist users in their exploration of information, whether their need is to search across multiple types of resources or to better communicate about unfamiliar topics. As systems designers endeavor to develop products that assist users in the search for information, they will be well served to grasp a greater understanding of HIB and consequently, the principles behind Berrypicking and Sense-Making. Individuals who seek further understanding of the world and its plethora of information will profit immensely from this well-rounded approach.

Location Decisions Essay

Deciding on the best location for a new business or relocating an existing genius is often crucial to its success. kettle of fish decisions choosing new sites for expansion or relocation of the business argon some of the most important decisions made by management teams. Selecting the best site exit have a significant effect on many departments of the business and, ultimately, on the profitability and chances of success of the whole firm. Location decisions have three give away characteristics They are strategic in nature as they are long term and have an impact on the whole business.They are difficult to regression if an error of judgment is made due to the be of relocation.They are taken at the highest management levels and are not delegated to subordinates.An optimal location decision is one that selects the best site for expansion of the business or for its relocation, given current information. This best site should maximize the long-term profits of the business. The optim al site is virtually always a compromise between conflicting benefits and drawbacks. For exampleA well-positioned high-street shop provide have the potential for high sales but will have higher rental charges than a similar sized shop out of town. A doery location which is cheap to purchase due to its withdrawnness from major towns might have problems recruiting staff due to lack of a large and trained working population.So an optimal location is likely to be a compromise one that balanceshigh fixed costs of the site and buildings with convenience for customers and potential sales revenue the low costs of a irrelevant site with limited supply of suitably qualified labor quantitative factors with qualitative onesFactors influencing location decisionsSite and other capital costs such as building or shop-fitting costs These vary greatly from region to region within a country and between countries. The best office and retail sites whitethorn be so expensive that the cost of them is beyond the resources of all but the largest companies. The cost of building on a Greenfield site one that has never previously been developed must be compared with the costs of adapting existing buildings on a developed site. Labor costsThe relative importance of these as a locational factor depends on whether the business is capital or labor intensive. An insurance company call center will need many staff, but the labor costs of a nuclear power station will be a very small proportion of its total costs. The attraction of much lower engage rates overseas has encouraged many European businesses to set up operations in other countries for example, bank and Insurance Company call centers. disco biscuit costsBusinesses that use heavy and bulky raw materials such as steel making will incur high transport costs if suppliers are at a great distance from the steel plant. Goods that increase in bulk during production will, traditionally, reduce transport costs by locating penny-pinchin g to the market.

Mountain Biking Is My Favorite Sport Essay

Sweat dripping into my eyes, blurring my vision. My legs feel weak, making it difficult to pedal. I pa purpose and allow myself to throw a deep breath before speeding down hill. The adrenaline rushing through with(predicate) my veins, and the thrilling thought of what is to come next demands my body to go far ready and keep going. I speed down the hill narrowly missing a couple of big jagged stones sticking up through the trail and trees. The intensity and extremity of business deal biking make it undoubtedly my favorite sport. Furthermore, mountain biking is my favorite sport because it is great for the body and school principal, it brings about a challenge, and it allows me to endure a positive environmental imp turn.Mountain bike riding is a great way to exercise both the body and mind. It is a sport that allows you to clear muscle in addition to building up your cardiovascular endurance. It targets almost every muscle in the body, particularly arms, abs, shoulders and legs . Furthermore, it is a great way to pressurise your energy, remain in shape, and in fact according to many studies, by biking at least three hours per week, your chances of heart disease can be decrease by approximately 50 percent. However, the biggest benefit from mountain biking is being able to exercise outdoors. It allows the mind to open up and expand its thoughts. Personally, I get a sense of clarity and I feel more in tune with details. There are also no worries, doubts or fears crossing my mind.Aside from the for sure benefits for the body and mind, mountain biking inspires a great sense of confidence and authority. Before and as I take on the many obstacles and hurdles in the trails, I either plan or have to think on the spot to prevent injury. While biking, I have control of my approach, performance and outcome. Facing challenge obstacles and being able to successfully beat them, builds a sense of empowerment. In the real world these feelings evolve my ability to know what I want and to act on it effectively. It further boost my leadership skills at work, in school and in everyday situations.In addition to its positive physical and mental impacts, mountain biking has a positive environmental impact. As a mountain biker, I enjoy a pollution chuck up the sponge environment to ride in. Mountain bicycles use no fuel, do not require toxic batteries or motor oils and take less energy to make than a car. It also increases outdoor advocacy by generating a connection to nature. Many mountain bikers, including myself, are dedicated to protect and maintaining the natural and cultural resources of where they ride. Adopting trail designs that eliminate soil erosion, avoiding sensitive habitats and protecting wetlands, are some examples of how to minimize environmental impacts.Mountain bike riding is my favorite sport because it is a way in which I disconnect my mind and soul from reality, and allow all of my senses to engage in the moment. Moreover, it is a sport in which I build strength, power, stability and agility. Also, through the obstacles and hurtles encountered in the exhausting save exhilarating trails, I gain a stronger sense of authority and confidence that I implement in the challenges of the real world. Lastly, it is my favorite sport because it is pollution free and helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Children and Television Essay

Nearly every household has access to goggle box scheduling. With the mannequin of programs available chelaren ar exposed to many factors concerning choice. These choices can lead to a wide array of results depending on the type of satisfy which is involveed. Positive programming can promote the learn of valuable skills and knowledge to enable success in life, while negative programming may have diverse opposite effects. The contents of video recording programming affect the health, behaviors and learned life skills in kidskinren.First, a discussion of physical health concerns. television receiver viewing by pip-squeakren can cause a variety of physical health concerns. Children face physical health issues because of the amount of time they spend honoring television. A couple of these physical concerns atomic number 18 middlesight and alimentation disorders. The length of time children focalise on the television screen, and the proximity they sit from the television scre en, causes them to develop eyeballight problems.Ideally, children should sit approximately five feet away from the television set according to McWilliams and Moulder. (1999) On the contrary, The Nemours Foundation explains the fallacy of children sitting close to television screens is non a cause of eyesight problems because children have the ability to focus at a closer distance than adults. (2010) In either event whether the sitting close to the television is the cause or a sign of an eye problem caution should still be used in not allowing children to sit too close to the television screen.Children to a fault face problems with eating disorders from watching television. Children become fixated on programs causing inattention to their eating habits. Some children will not eat at all while other(a)s tend to overeat. These eating disorders are influenced by the content children are viewing through specific programming. One factor of this programming is that the advertisements tar get children encouraging them to desire specific products, such as how McDonalds offers toys to attract sales of their products.Findings of Zimmerman and Bell conclude, Television viewing may be a sedentary activity, but it is not for that reason that it is associated with obesity in children. The kinship between television viewing and obesity among children is limited to commercial television viewing and probably operates through the effect of advertising obesogenic foods on television (2010 p338). Children also face psychological health concerns in relation to television viewing. As children advance in age their minds become more developed giving them a better understanding of the environment surrounding them.Some content available on television causes specific phobias which include fear of insects, snakes, and dogs escalators, elevators, and bridges high places and outdoors spaces as well as many others (Healthofchildren. com, 2012). The development of these phobias causes elev ated anxiety levels in children. Children who watch many hours of graphic content such as evil movies, nature programs, and news broadcasts which implant images in their impressionable, young minds providing them with a sense that the world is an unsafe place.These anxieties influence different behaviors in children. Generally the negative content that can be viewed on television causes children to mimic behaviors and actions of the faces they see. Repeated exposure to TV violence makes children less sensitive toward its effects on victims and the human paltry it causes (Boyse, 2010). Children use their imagination during play. Children will oftentimes play games such as cops and robbers, cow male childs and indians, or even mimic their favorite wrestling star causing malign to each other.These behaviors are viewed as unacceptable in society and can overflow into situations where the actions are inappropriate such as in school, grocery stores, or movie theaters. As children may not have a complete understanding of the motives of the content which they were presented though television, they may accept them as creation. However, the acceptance of this materiality can cause positive behaviors as well. Children imitate their parental role models that they love and trust then they imitate other role models that might not be so worthy ( Jagers, 2007).Depending on their understanding of the consequences of an action, children may choose a different mode of behavior concerning situations they encounter throughout their lives. A child who views someone getting burned may take caution when they are in a similar situation themselves. If a child observes someone commerce 911 seeking assistance in an emergency situation, when confronted with this type of situation they will think to use this to their advantage. Some television shows for children encourage positive behaviors such as empathy, kindness, and helping others.These television shows encourage emotional deve lopment allowing children to display positive behaviors. One show that has these qualities is Dora the Explorer which highlights characters helping each other, helping other characters to hand tasks, and being kind by using polite language such as please and thank you. Shows like Dora the Explorer provide children with a invention of necessary life skills. Children learn various life skills such as social roles and interactions through the content of television programming.Television characters through their interactions teach children how to bear within certain situations. Viewing these interactions give children a guideline of social behaviors in a variety of situations that allow children to react to real life situations in a similar manner. The roles are not limited to specific situations in childhood, but reach across the lifespan. Children use television as an expectation of real life situations. A child who views family based programs will conclude a model of functionalit y within a family.Some shows portray families that are functional whereas other shows portray dysfunctional families. These programs provide children a model to relate their personal experiences. If a child comes from a dysfunctional family they may envy the lives of characters in mental process television families. In other ways, when viewing a dysfunctional family on television, a child may find new methods to solve problems within their experience family. Television shows such as Reba may give children who are subject to divorce and remarriage of their parents a way to deal with the new family life they encounter.Also the sexual practice roles highlighted on television provide children with expectations they should follow in their own lives. For girls, television may portray female roles of characters as mother, caregiver, and oftentimes business women. For boys, male character roles may be portrayed as father, disciplinarian, and supporter of the family. These expectations le arned provide a productive model a child should attain in the eyes of society. Consequently, later in life a childs impression of social rules and roles become part of their personality and can become individualized.This allows a boy who wishes to become a nurse not to view this decision as deviant. Another source of skills for success in life learned through television is the acquisition of knowledge and academician skills. Children imitate their parental role models that they love and trust then they imitate other role models that might not be so worthy (Kirkman, Wartella, and Anderson, 2008, p. 47). One area of knowledge present in television shows targeted toward children is the recognition and association of letters, numbers and words.Children can be taught at a young age the association between what they are presented and hat they savvy, such as the 1 and the letter A. Through the elementary impression of these concepts a child learns secondary concepts such as reading, writ ing, and more. Some programming encourages the learning of foreign languages such as Chinese Spanish and French by exposing children to these languages making these concepts fun to learn. The acquisition of all these skills through television occurs in a passive manner. A child does not realize they are learning the content they perceive making television an effective outlet for teaching.Another skill set taught through television is problem solving through visual examples. As children view others making decisions concerning real life situations they can refer back to the outcome of a similar situation they may have previously viewed. This allows for them to make amend choices within their own lives or experiences. Such programs show the process one must take in problem solving, empowering them with the skills to decipher between right and wrong. Television also presents a less desirable outcome for successful life skills.Children who view content inappropriate for their age strugg le with academics as well as face specific challenges later in life. As children gain an understanding of the content they are watching on television the presence of these struggles begins to decrease in their influential strength. An effect previously mentioned of children mimicking behaviors viewed on television, if a child learns and reflects defiant behavior toward authority the effect will not only cause misfortunate grades but also dropping out of school. The child will avoid homework assignments because of the commands and deadlines made by the teacher.This defiance of authority leads to reprisals from administrators such as principals and academic counselors. Another challenge to the academic lives of children is the presence of structure in schools. This struggle exists because television can be accessed at any time whereas school has a specific schedule. A child struggles to focus during these times. A major cause of this inattention is that television produces a higher l evel of activity than school. Naturally the child would choose the more stimulating activity, which in the eyes of the child is television.

Curleys wife throughout Essay

In 1937, John Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and work force a novella about friendship during the owing(p) Depression. The novella offers a unique and vivid insight into the lives of all social assemblys during the horrific collapse of the American economy. Were given a comprehensive insight into the life of woman a minority group in the American society. During the novella we only meet two women, Curleys married woman is one of them, a very naive puppyish girl. In the novella, Steinbeck uses precondition to entertain us the reader feel sorrow towards Curleys wife and the minority group of women.Curleys wife has limited status and to some outcome freedom on the bed cover because she is a woman, a social minority. Why cant I talk to you? I never hold to talk to nobody, I get awful lonely Steinbeck uses Curleys wifes loneliness to make us the reader feel compassionate towards her as no one wants to participate in conversation with her. Candy regards her as Jailbait indicating she is a young female quest to get men into trouble. Jailbait is slang for a minor who is younger than the legal age of consent for versed activity, with the implication that an of age(p) person might find him or her sexually attractive. I never get to talk to anyone on the ranch at that place is a strong prejudice towards Curleys wife, the men of the ranch have some very strong opinions however Candy is rather cruel about her throughout the novella and even when she is dead he verbally abuses her You god damn tramp, he said savagely throughout the novella we have been aware of a bazaar tension between Curleys wife and Candy, Candy and Curleys wife are both regarded as a members of social minority groups.This kinship is perhaps very unequal because Candy is sca going of the power Curleys wife has. Her strength arises from her social rank of being a female on the ranch, she has neither mental or physical strength except she has the ability to get Candy or any other ranch occupant ly nched or sacked, which is perhaps one of the reasons why he hates her. Then-its all off? Candy said sulkily. during this sad conviction of Curleys wifes death, all Candy can think about is his and Georges concord to buy their own ranch.I get awful lonely Steinbeck makes the reader develop a forgiving feelings about Curleys wife as no one wants to talk to her, her own husband doesnt want to be with her and when he does conversation isnt on his mind. Curleys wife urges for attention and status on the ranch. Curleys wife views herself higher than other people on the ranch, they left all the scant(p) ones here Curleys wife ironically insults herself by mistake during a dis ascribee in plications bedroom. All the weak ones the irony is that Curleys wife is in essence calling herself weak.She views herself as an occupant of the ranch with high importance but in reality she is as weak if non weaker than anyone else on the ranch. Her lack of status is because she is a woman and act s in rather incendiary way, whilst reading Of Mice and Men it is obvious that she carves attention. The use of the word weak is interesting as it means to lack the power to achieve physically demanding tasks having little physical or mental strength. This is ironic as she is an attention-seeking child.Steinbeck uses foreshadowing to make the give-and-take feel more like a piece of readable art. The effect of this in the novella is to make the book interact with emotions and thoughts in some instances it can appear rather predictable but as enjoyable if not more than any other book. The effect on the reader is that they read on to see if their opinions and thoughts which were sparked by the effect of foreshadowing, are true. In chapter two we meet Curleys wife for the low gear time, both men glanced up, for the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off.A girl was standing there looking in as the reader this is our first encounter with Curelys wife, she is presented as a c onsultation of danger, but there is a deeper meaning to this. Steinbeck uses light as hope and it enters the bunkhouse until Curleys wife stands in the doorway and blocks light from entering the bunkhouse. Immediately Curleys wife is presented as trouble, this scenario is an example of foreshadowing. Curleys wife dies because of her innocence, when we first meet her in the novella she appears in a rather innocent but provocative manner. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps oh which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. She appears to dress much older than she really is. Steinbeck allowed us to admit this by A girl was standing there which indicates that she is quite young but dresses as an older lady which portrays to us the reader that she is really innocent and rather lost in a world she doesnt quite understand. When we first meet her we see her as a rather flamboyant, confident young woman bu t towards the end of the novella her persona changes.Before Curleys wifes tragic death she confides in Lennie and we see her youth and innocence open up to Lennie. He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. Soons he got back to Hollywood he gonna frame to me about it. Curleys wife opens up to Lennie about an experience she had with a man who worked in Hollywood, who promised her a career in the movies. Curleys wifes innocence and naivety were her own weapons of disaster. It was her innocence that sneakily leads her to her death but Steinbeck warned us about this cataclysmic event from our first introduction to Curleys wife.